A heavily minority ETJ is controlled by a majority-White municipality. 'Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction' laws let Raeford control zoning for the surrounding settlements [within the gray line]. Raeford city [blue line] is 45% Black but its ETJ is 74% Black. Landuse controls rob economic value from the ETJ, as decisions about lot size, sewerage rules, subdevelopment privileges, and location of stores and roads are made to suit the interests of a political body (the city) that residents did not vote for. ETJs also rob minority wealth; one North Carolina study found that ETJ property is only worth about 85% as much as equivalent property that has been annexed.